管理学专业essay/report/assignments/paper/research/summary代写
Research
Methods
MGT
Lecture 1
####### Welcome back to the spring semester!
At the end of this lecture you should be able to:
- Understand what this module entails (topics)
- Understand this modules assessment
- Review Qualitative research methods and approaches
- Understand what secondary data are
- Understand issues related to organisational access
####### Timetable
Assessment
- Your final grade will be the average of the
####### grades you got on your assignment 1
####### (Research Proposal) and assignment 2
####### (Research Proposal 2 – Ethics)
- You need to achieve at least 40 marks on
####### each to be able to compensate with the
####### other
######## Assignment 2 Research Proposal 2 – Ethics
Written assignment, 1,500 words, excluding references
- It needs to be structured in 4 different parts (see Specific Requirements), Each part consists of a variety of questions you need to answer.
- Context
- Data collection (choose one: 2a quantitative OR 2b qualitative) and analysis
- Ethical considerations
- Information sheet (choose one: 4a for quantitative & qualitative studies OR 4b for secondary data collection)
- To be able to answer these questions, you need to contextualise your assignment around a research project of your own choosing, that you could carry out in your dissertation maybe your dissertation project?
the more realistic the research project is, the easier the assignment will be.
HAS BEEN APPROVED!
######## Please follow the General and Specific
######## requirements as outlined in the Coursework
######## Specification Assignment 2 file on MOLE
######## Assignment folder Assignment 2 folder
######## There is also a word limit to each of the sections.
######## Each section is graded separately (see marking
######## criteria at the end of the Coursework Specification
######## Assignment 2 file )
######## Assignment 2 Research Proposal 2 – Ethics
Assignment 2 – Tips
- Start early on your assignment. Very early.
- Each lecture and tutorial exercise also relates to
######## the assignment
When you prepare the tutorial exercise also get
started on the respective part of your assignment
- This is not just for MGT682!
- You should apply the things you learned to your dissertation project (in slightly adapted form)!
######## Context 200 words
######## Please state your research question, your
######## objectives and your research approach:
######## Briefly describe your research topic and specify
######## your question
######## Briefly describe your data collection
######## Please state: is it a quantitative OR a qualitative
######## study, OR does it involve (mainly) secondary
######## data collection? (If you plan to do more than 1 in
######## your dissertation, then please choose 1 for this
######## assignment).
######## Who are the potential participants? How are
######## they recruited?
Data collection and Analysis 500 words
Note: You only need to answer 2a OR 2b here. If you plan a quantitative study please go to 2a. If you plan a qualitative study please go to 2b.
2a. If you plan a quantitative study or a secondary data collection, please explain the data collection method(s), state a hypothesis of your study and name its variables. How will you measure these variables? [Which information in the secondary data relates to these variables?] Be as specific as you can! Which type of scale level do these data/measures possess? Which statistical test do you choose to test this hypothesis and why? Please discuss: how can you ensure reliability and validity of your measurements
######## 2b. If you plan a qualitative study, please describe
######## in detail:
######## How is the data in your study collected?
######## Please describe step-by-step: how will you
######## analyse the data you collected?
######## Which information will you report in your results
######## section?
######## How will you ensure credibility, transferability,
######## dependability and reflexivity in your study?
######## Ethical issues 350 words
######## Please discuss in detail:
######## What is the potential harm for the participants? If
######## so, how will this be managed to ensure
######## appropriate protection and well-being of the
######## participants?
######## How is data confidentiality handled and how is
######## the data of this research stored?
######## Which ethical issues will not be /hardly be
######## affected by this research and why?
######## Is consent needed from the participants?
######## Information sheet draft 450 words
######## Note : You only need to answer 4a OR 4b here.
######## 4a) If you are doing a quantitative or qualitative data
######## collection: Please design an information sheet about
######## the data collection, providing enough information for
######## the participants so they can give informed consent.
######## 4b) If you are doing a secondary data collection:
######## Please design an information sheet about your study
######## that could be sent to the organisations or people from
######## whom the data originally came from.
Questions?
- Qualitative research
- Philosophies?
- Epistemologies?
- Ontology?
- Research approach?
- Many different qualitative data collection
####### methods, including:
- Interviews (yellow)
- Focus groups (blue)
- (Participant) observation (green)
- Secondary data
- In small groups make three examples of research, one employing interviews, one observation and one focus groups. Identify only the research question and the method of data production.
Qualitative data collection
- Multiple sources of evidence
- Different levels of analysis
- Industry, company within an industry, department, processes or individuals (Thorpe & Holt, 2008)
What are case studies?
Case study research consists of
detailed investigation, often with data
collected over a period of time, of
phenomena, within their context
(Cassell & Symon, 2004, p.323)
- Myth 1: A case study is a method
- A flexible research design
- Myth 2: Case studies are purely qualitative
- Qualitative, quantitative or both
- Myth 3: A case study is concerned with the study of only one case – Can include more than one case (collective)
- Myth 4: Case studies can only be used to build theory
- Can be used to build theory (inductive) and/or test theory (deductive)
- Case studies as black swans (Flyvbjerg, 2006)
Some myths about case studies
- Intrinsic
- The case itself is of interest
- No attempt is made to generalize beyond the case or build theories
- Instrumental
- Although the case is studied in depth, the main focus is on something else
- Main aim is to provide insight into an issue or revise a generalization or theory
- Collective
- A number of cases are studied in order to investigate some general phenomenon
Types of case study
Methods used in case studies
- Case study is a flexible
######## research design
- Can employ a variety of
######## methods, including…
- Participant-observation
- Interviews
- Focus groups
- Documentary analysis
- Questionnaires
Growing importance in the
management field of what is
often termed a mixed
methods approach: research
that may integrate
quantitative and qualitative
methods within a single
project (Gill & Johnson,
2010, p.225)
- Advantages
- Researcher gains detailed understanding of the context of research and processes involved
- Easier to gain access to one organization than to many
- Can easily apply multiple methods
####### Advantages and disadvantages of
####### case studies
######## } Disadvantages
Difficult to
generalize to other
organizations or contexts
Time consuming to
collect, analyse and
synthesise data collected
using multiple methods
Conflicting results often
generated in mixed
methods research
Ethnography
- research method and methodology in which the researcher:
is immersed in a social setting for an extended period of time;
makes regular observations of the behaviour of members of
that setting;
listens to and engages in conversations;
interviews informants on issues that are not directly
amenable to observation or that the ethnographer is unclear
about (or indeed for other possible reasons);
collects documents about the group;
develops an understanding of the culture of the group and
peoples behaviour within the context of that culture;
and writes up a detailed account of that setting.
(Taylor, 1993)
######## Ethnography VS Case Study
Action Research
Action research is a participatory, democratic process concerned with developing practical knowing in the pursuit of worthwhile human purposes, grounded in a participatory worldview which we believe is emerging at this historical moment. It seeks to bring together action and reflection, theory and practice, in participation with others, in the pursuit of practical solutions to issues of pressing concern to people, and more generally the flourishing of individual persons and their communities (Reason and Bradbury, 2001, p. 1)
######## It challenges the dualism of traditional western
######## academic approaches, including researcher and
######## researched, theory and practice, practical and
######## academic knowledge (Reason and McArdle 2006:3)
- Focus on everyday
####### practice
- Participation
- Change/
####### Emancipation
Action Research
Grounded Theory and Approach
The discovery of theory from data systematically obtained and analysed in social research (Glaser & Strauss, 1967: 1)
The methodological thrust of grounded theory is toward the development of theory, without any particular commitment to specific kinds of data, lines of research, o r theoretical interests… Rather it is a style of doing qualitative analysis that includes a number of distinct features… and the use of a coding paradigm to ensure conceptual development and density (Strauss, 1987)
As a general rule, grounded theory researchers should make sure that they have
no preconceived theoretical ideas before starting the research
Researchers should make sure that they do not impose concepts on the data
those concepts should emerge from the data
Grounded Theory and Approach
Advantages:
- It has intuitive appeal for novice researchers, since it allows them to become immersed in the data at a detailed level
- It gets researchers analysing the data early
- It encourages systematic, detailed analysis of the data and provides a method for doing so
- It gives researchers ample evidence to back up their claims
- It encourages a constant interplay between data collection and analysis
- It is especially useful for describing repeated processes e.g. the communications processes between doctors and patients, or the communications processes between information systems analysts and users
Grounded Theory and Approach
######## Disadvantages:
- First time users can get overwhelmed at the
######## coding level
- Coding takes a long time
- It can be difficult to scale up to larger
######## concepts or themes
- Because it is a detailed method, it can be
######## difficult to see the bigger picture
- Tends to produce lower level theories only
Narrative Research
Narrative inquiry is based upon social constructionist,
constructivist and feminist ideas and practices.
Viewed from this position stories of lived experience (data) are
co- constructed and negotiated between the people involved as
a means of capturing complex, multi-layered and nuanced
understandings of the work so that we can learn from it.
Narrative inquiry is a means by which we systematically gather,
analyse, and represent peoples stories as told by them, which
challenges traditional and modernist views of truth, reality,
knowledge and personhood.
Narrative Research
######## Narrative inquiry is based upon social constructionist,
######## constructivist and feminist ideas and practices.
######## Viewed from this position stories of lived experience
######## (data) are co- constructed and negotiated between the
######## people involved as a means of capturing complex,
######## multi-layered and nuanced understandings of the work
######## so that we can learn from it.
######## Narrative inquiry is a means by which we systematically
######## gather, analyse, and represent peoples stories as told
######## by them, which challenges traditional and modernist
######## views of truth, reality, knowledge and personhood.
- Can be quantitative or
######## qualitative
- May be publically
######## available
- May be collected by
######## another individual and/or
######## organization and passed
######## onto you
- May be raw data or
######## processed/compiled
######## data
What is secondary data?
Secondary data are data
that were collected initially
for some other purpose
(Saunders et al.,
2016, p.316)
Secondary data
Documentary Multiple source Survey
Written Non- Written Area Based Time-series based Census surveys Ad-hoc Regular surveys
Governments surveys
Organisations surveys
Academics surveys
.....
Labour
market
trends
.....
Census of
populations
.....
EU publications
Statistics and
reports
Books
Journals
.....
WB country
reports
Books
Journals
.....
TV
accounts
Radio
accounts
......
Organisations
website
Reports and
minutes
Organisations
corporate
documents
.......
Advantages of secondary data
####### 1. Less expensive and time saving.
####### 2. Unobtrusive
####### 3. Longitudinal and comparative studies
####### became possible.
####### 4. Can result in unforeseen discoveries
####### through data reanalyzes.
####### 5. Permanent and available.
Evaluating secondary data sources
####### 1. They will enable you to answer your
####### research question and meet your
####### objectives.
####### 2. Their benefits greater than their cost.
####### 3. You will be allowed access to the data.
####### You need to review the secondary data
####### with caution to be sure that:
Disadvantages of secondary data
######## 1. May be collected for a purpose that does not
######## match your need.
######## 2. Access may be difficult or costly when data is
######## collected for commercial reason.
######## 3. Aggregations processes and definitions may
######## be unsuitable.
######## 4. No real control for data quality.
######## 5. Initial purpose may dictate how data are
######## presented. e.g., published company reports
######## presented different from unpublished, also
######## newspaper report.
####### Quality criteria in qualitative research
Credibility , parallels internal validity - i.e. how
believable are the findings?
Transferability, parallels external validity - i.e. do the
findings apply to other contexts?
Dependability , parallels reliability auditing process
Reflexivity
Triangulation
######## Trustworthiness (Lincoln and Guba (1985) :
####### Criteria for evaluating qualitative
####### research
- Does it offer new insights?
- Is it credible to those who took part?
- Does it provide thick description, allowing readers to judge its transferability?
- Has the researcher kept an audit trail of what was done, when and how?
- Has the researcher ensured that his or her values and theoretical inclinations have not overly influenced the research?
- Do the conclusions seem plausible in the light of the data presented?
- Does the research help people understand their situation (and perhaps take action to change it)?
- Formal or informal (e.g., Kamenou, 2008)
- Reciprocity is important (Easterby-Smith et al., 2015, pp.116-120) – Potential relevance and benefit to organization – Minimal time and resources requested – Research not politically sensitive – likely to exacerbate concerns about confidentiality and anonymity – Individuals and institution have a good reputation
Negotiating access
There are a number of
reasons why large-scale,
bureaucratic organisations may
attempt to control or restrict the
access of researchers. These
include perceived threats to
individuals reputations or
careers and a potential threat
to the organization
(Harris et al., 2008, p.239)
Tips for gaining access
} Where possible, make use
of existing contacts
- Identify the gatekeepers
} Always present a
professional image
} Ensure you are contactable
and respond in a timely
fashion
- Research the organization thoroughly
} Follow up initial approaches
} Make clear the benefits of
your research for the
organization
} Be clear about your aims
and methods
} Be prepared to be flexible
} Be honest about the time
you are likely to take up