管理学essay/report/assignments/paper/research/summary代写
Research Methods
MGT682
Lecture 3 Spring
Ethics in research planning
Todays lecture
Research ethics
- What are the ethical considerations you need to pay attention to?
- How do you avoid causing harm in your own research?
Todays session relates to
part 3 &4 of the assignment
Why are ethics important?
Much research will only be funded/ published
if ethics approval granted
Need to be considered any time human
participants are involved!
Source: Epigeum, 2012
You are NOT ALLOWED to start
any data collection for your
dissertation research that involves
human participants BEFORE your
ethics have been approved!
Ethical
considerations
Informed
consent
Harm to
participants
Confidentiality
& anonymity
Data
protection
Deception
Invasion of
privacy
These need to be kept!
Needs to be avoided!
Needs to be avoided!
Needs to be avoided!
Research can seriously
harm participants
####### Needs to be avoided!
Harm to
participants
Harm to participants?
- Physical harm
- Stress
- Harm to self-esteem, worries, emotional
######## upheaval…
- Specific issues for different populations!
e.g. for employees, harm to career prospects
Harm to
participants
Needs to be avoided!
Careful:
Also consider potential harm to
yourself!
- Is your research placing you in any
(potentially) dangerous situations? (e.g. are
you interviewing strangers at their homes?)
- Are you interacting with (potentially)
dangerous people, or could your research
make them become dangerous in a way (e.g.
make them aggressive etc.)?
- Might there be any consequences of your
research that could be dangerous to you?
Informed consent
- Participants should be fully aware that they are participating in the research
- They should understand the purpose of the research and the methods used, and be aware of any risks
- They need to explicitly agree to any recording or intervention
- Participation needs to be voluntary , participants are free to withdraw at any time
Informed
consent
- They need to be informed!
- They need to give their informed consent!
This concerns every
single participant!
How can informed consent be
achieved?
Participants need to be fully informed without being
overwhelmed.
- Information needs to be
- Clear
- Concise
- Informed consent needs to be gained continuously
- Provide with an information sheet!
- Gain written consent!
Confidentiality & anonymity
Confidentiality :
- Assurance not to reveal a participants data in a way that might be identifiable
Anonymity :
- Assurance that the identity of participants will be kept secret
- Participants identities should not be disclosed without prior consent; data should be anonymised where possible
- Participants should be informed of:
- Any risk that confidentiality may not be maintained (e.g. disclosure of criminal activity);
- Who will have access to data;
- The purpose for which the data is to be used
Confiden-
tiality &
anonymity
Data protection
- Access to data that could identify individuals needs to be restricted to lead researcher(s) unless there is agreement from the research participants
- Data should be kept (whether physically or electronically) in such a way that others (e.g. HR Managers) cannot access it
- Locked cabinets; password-protected computers & files
Needs to comply with Data Protection Act (1998)
Data
protection
Invasion of privacy
- Covert observation/photographs can be a
######## problem
- Participants should be free to refuse to answer
######## sensitive questions
- Confidentiality and anonymity are important
######## concepts here also
Invasion of
privacy
Needs to be avoided!
Deception
- Misrepresenting the purpose of the research
######## deliberately
- Is this always wrong?
- When might it be necessary?
Deception
Needs to be avoided!
In your dissertation…
- BEFORE you start any data collection you
####### need to get your ethics application
####### approved
- If you do not follow that rule and collect
####### any data before you have had ethics
####### approval your data collection will be
####### declared invalid!
(and you will fail your dissertation)
To summarise
- There are international, national, institutional
######## and moral obligations to ensure ethical
######## procedures
- Every research involving human participants
######## need to get ethics approval first
- Informed consent must be gathered from
######## each participant individual
How do you get ethics
approval?
Talk to your dissertation supervisor!
You need to fill in an ethics application form
https://ethics.ris.shef.ac.uk/my_applications
This will be reviewed by a committee.
You will get a notification when it has been approved.
This can only be done after you are clear about your research question,
your data collection, and your data analysis
Do you have any further
questions?
Please ask
if you did not understand anything from the module